Define a range of botanical and horticultural terms relating to plant growth.

Define the botanical terms: ‘annual’, ‘ephemeral’, ‘biennial’ and ‘perennial’ and the horticultural meanings of ‘annual’, ‘biennial’ and ‘perennial’. (An example of different meanings is that Dipsacus fullonum (teasel) is a true biennial, Erysimum cheirii (wallflower) is used as a biennial in horticulture but is a perennial).

ANNUAL (BOTANY) Plant which completes its LIFE CYCLE in one GROWING SEASON

EPHEMERAL Plant which repeats its LIFE CYCLE several times in one GROWING SEASON

BIENNIAL (BOTANY) Plant which completes its LIFE CYCLE in two GROWING SEASONs

PERENNIAL (BOTANY) Plant which completes its LIFE CYCLE in more than two GROWING SEASONs

ANNUAL (HORTICULTURE) A TRUE ANNUAL (dis. Botany) OR BIENNIAL(dis. Botany) OR PERENNIAL(dis. Botany) GROWN for a SINGLE SEASON.

e.g. BEDDING plants often perform better in first season, although they continue to live can be tender perennials

BIENNIAL (HORTICULTURE)

PERENNIAL (HORTICULTURE)

Define the botanical terms: ‘herbaceous’, ‘woody’, ‘evergreen’, ‘semi-evergreen’.

HERBACEOUS

WOODY

EVERGREEN Retains its leaves all year round (some may drop in spring after new leaves have grown).

SEMI EVERGREEN Retains its leaves all year round, BUT can lose them in severe weather conditions.

Define the horticultural terms: ‘tender perennial’, ‘half hardy annual’, and ‘hardy annual’. (A ‘tender perennial’ cannot survive frost; a ‘half hardy annual’ is sown under protection early in the season then planted out; a ‘hardy annual’ is sown in situ).

TENDER PERENNIAL A perennial that cannot survive frost.

HALF HARDY ANNUAL A tender annual usually sown under protection early in the season then possibly planted out. Half-hardy perennials / annuals (tender perennials / annuals);

Will not survive frost and must be brought indoors during the winter;

Examples: Pelargonium, Fuchsia, and Heliotrope;

Individual microclimates and good free-draining soil can make an enormous difference to their ability to survive the winter;

Half-hardy annual plants can survive a couple of brushes with chilly night temperatures (35 – 45ºF) and light frost, but anything colder will turn them to mush;

Just like hardy annuals, the longer they’ve had to get used to the

HARDY ANNUAL Can be sown in situ

Define the terms ‘shrub’ and ‘tree’.

SHRUB A woody perennial that has multiple stems from ground level.

TREE A woody perennial that has a single stem/trunk/bole

TWO plant examples should be known for EACH term.

[Capsella bursa-pastoris]

[Capsella bursa-pastoris]

[Digitalis grandiflora Digitalis purpurea]

[Erysimum cheiri Buxus sempervirens]

[Gaura lindheimeri ‘The Bride’]

[Erysimum cheiri Dianthus barbatus]

MISSING EXAMPLES GIVE_EXAMPLES [2] : perennial-(horticulture)

[Erysimum cheiri Buxus sempervirens]

[Erysimum cheiri Buxus sempervirens]

[Buddleja davidii ‘Black Knight’]

[Buddleja davidii ‘Black Knight’]

MISSING EXAMPLES GIVE_EXAMPLES [2] : tender-perennial

MISSING EXAMPLES GIVE_EXAMPLES [2] : half-hardy-annual

[Primula vulgaris Viola x wittrockiana]

[Erysimum cheiri Buxus sempervirens]

[Betula utilis var. jacquemontii Ilex aquifolium]